MArk Twain: Got fame from his book The Celebrated Jumping frong of Calaveras Counrty and the Innocents Abroad. Teamed with Chareles Dudley Waner in 1873 to write The Gilded Age. Gave name to an era.
Bret Harte: Struck richin California with gold-rush stories.
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Indin Reorignization act: partly reversed the individualistic approach and belatedly tried to restore the tribal basis of Indian life.
The gold gravel of Califonia continued to yield ‘pay dirt’ and in 1858 an electrifying discovery convulsed Colorado. Mined mostly for gold.
A fantastic amount of gold and silver, worth 340mill, was mined by teh “Kings of the Comstock” from 1860 to 1890. Populated the state of Navada.
Smaller “Lucky strikers” drew frantic gold and silder seekers into Montana, Idaho, and other western states. Boomtomes, such as “Hellorados” sprouted from the desert sands like magic.
Once the loose surface gold was gobbled up, ore-breaking machinery was imported to smash the goldbearing quarts. Very expensive. Can only be done by stock holders. Realaced miners.
Mininf frontier had played a vital role in subduing the continent.
Farmers still made up nearly one-half the population in 1890, but they were hopelessly disorginized. Never did orginize successfully to restrict production until forced to buy the federal government nearly half a century later. Did managed to orginized a monumental political uprising.
The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry: orginized in 1867. Leading spirit was Oliver H. Kelley. First objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities. Became like a secret sociality. Farmers only!
The Grangers gradually raised their goals from individual self-improvemtn to improvement of farmers’ collective plight. In a determined effort to escape the clutches of the trusts, they established a cooperatively owned stores for consumers and cooperatively owned grain elevators and warehouses for producers.
Embattled Grangers also went into politics, enjoying their most gratifying success in the grain-growing regions of teh upper Mississippi Valley, chieflt in Illione, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. There, through state legislation, they strove to regulate railway rates and the stprage fees changed by railroads and by operators of warehouses and grain elevators.
Following judival reverses, most severly at the hands of teh Supreme Court in the famous Wabash decisions of 1886, the Granger’s influence faded. But organization lined on as a vocal champion of farm interests, while brighting rural life with social activities.
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