Basic Jutsu Info

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Jutsu are the arts a ninja will utilize in battle. To use a jutsu, a ninja will need to use their chakra.

The Basics

There are three basic types of jutsu: ninjutsu, genjutsu and taijutsu. Subcategories exist, including fuinjutsu, juinjutsu and senjutsu. There are also Kekkei Genkai abilities which aren't jutsu, but inherited abilities passed down through certain clans (however, they can be used as base for certain jutsu, such as Haku's Demonic Ice Crystal Mirrors). Kekkei genkai can also be attributed to certain parts of the body, such as dojutsu.

Without proper control of their chakra, a ninja will produce ineffective or weakened jutsu which will lead to them running out of chakra early in a fight. To manipulate their chakra more easily, hand seals can be used. With these hand seals, users can control their chakra and jutsu with higher efficiency.  

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Jutsu are organized into ranks.

Rank

Depending on the difficulty or skill necessary to perform a jutsu, they are ranked differently. There are six different ranks in jutsu:

E-rank - learned by Academy Students. Are the basic and most fundamental jutsu for all ninja.

D-rank - Genin level techniques. Can be achieved by all Genin, though many ninja only learn their "type" of technique.

C-rank - Chūnin level techniques. Sometimes learned by Genin who have trained extensively.

B-rank - Jōnin level techniques. Require high levels of chakra to use.

A-rank - Kage or Jōnin level techniques. Require great control over one's chakra and may be forbidden.

S-rank - Secret, extreme level techniques. Are typically unique to a single user.

Kekkei Genkai, unique abilities and Tailed Beast Skills normally do not have a rank.  

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Here are the main jutsu types.

Main Jutsu Types

Ninjutsu
Ninjutsu, meaning "Ninja Techniques", refers to practically any technique that utilizes chakra and allows the user to perform actions that a normal person otherwise would be incapable of doing. Unlike genjutsu, which causes the opponent to experience illusions, the effects of ninjutsu are real. Ninjutsu relies on chakra and, some of the time, hand seals to be effective.

Genjutsu
Genjutsu, meaning "Illusionary Techniques", are techniques that are employed in the same fashion as ninjutsu, requiring chakra and/or hand seals. However, the primary difference between the two is that the effect of genjutsu is illusory, creating chakra imbalances in the victim's brain, and thus causing a disruption in their senses. This is often used to create false images or to cause pain from trauma (because the body is led to believe it is in pain); however, there are plenty of other uses depending on the situation.

Taijutsu
Taijutsu, meaning "Martial Arts", is a basic form of jutsu that generally speaking requires no chakra, but chakra may be used to enhance techniques. Taijutsu require no hand seals to perform and are much quicker to use than ninjutsu or genjutsu. Taijutsu is simply put, hand-to-hand combat, or weaponry.  

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Subjutsu

Dojutsu
Dojutsu,meaning "Eye Technique", are genetic ninja abilities that utilize the eyes, enabling them to perceive chakra in some form or another. Being a byproduct of specific kekkei genkai, dojutsu are not classified as one of the major jutsu types. They do not require hand seals to use and sometimes facilitate in the use or defense against genjutsu, taijutsu and ninjutsu and then defeat his or her opponent. All known dojutsu also provide the user with some otherwise incapable ability, such as an extended field of vision or predictive capabilities. The use of Dojutsu consumes chakra.

Fuinjutsu
Fuinjutsu, meaning "Sealing Techniques", are a type of jutsu that seal objects, living beings, chakra, along with a wide variety of other things within another object.

Juinjutsu
Juinjutsu, meaning "Cursed Seal Techniques", are a type of jutsu used to bring someone under the control of the user. By applying a seal to the victim's body, the user brings the victim's abilities and actions under his/her control. With a simple secret hand seal, the user can inflict great mental and physical torment on the victim (such as the Hyuga Curse Mark). The exact workings of Juinjutsu are kept secret.

Senjutsu
Senjutsu, meaning "Sage Techniques", refers to a specialized field of jutsu that allows the user to sense and then gather the natural energy around a person. Senjutsu practitioners can then learn to draw the energy of nature inside of them blending it with their own chakra, (created from spiritual and physical energy within the shinobi) this results in the creation of "senjutsu chakra".
This new chakra enables the user to enter a powered state called Sage Mode, which can then drastically increase the strength of all ninjutsu, genjutsu, and taijutsu. A person who is able to use senjutsu is called a sage.